Research interests and scientific production of women: the pandemic from the social sciences
An analysis based on the Scopus database, 2020-2021
Enver Vega Figueroa*
Systemic Laboratory of Social Scientific Research of Peru
I. Introduction
The social sciences are those disciplines that study human behavior, human interaction with the community or society, social relations, and forms of social organization. Sociology, economics, anthropology, political science, geography, and demography, among others—depending on the theoretical perspective used to classify them—are social sciences.
Puga (2009) points out that “it is worth noting, in any case, that when we talk about social sciences we are referring to a set of disciplines that, based on the explicit interest in different aspects of collective life, have formulated general theories and analytical approaches (para. 3).
Platt (1983), alluding to Stuart Chase, quotes his definition of social science as: “the application of the scientific method to the study of human relations” (p. 162).
A very valuable academic document is the World Social Science Report, which is periodically prepared by the International Social Science Council (ICSC) and published by the ISCSC and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The social sciences of Western countries remain the most influential globally, but this discipline is rapidly expanding in Asia and Latin America, particularly in China and Brazil. In Sub-Saharan Africa, social scientists from South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya produce 75% of academic publications. In South Asia, the social sciences receive relatively little attention, except in a few centers of research excellence in India (UNESCO, 2010).
What are women in the social sciences researching? What are female social scientists publishing? Is the visibility of their research findings achieved under conditions of gender equity compared to the publication of research conducted by men?
In this regard, Cortez (2017), citing several authors, points out:
“The constructivist-relational gender approach (Courtenay, 2000) argues that gender relations are social constructions produced and reproduced by men and women through everyday discourses and practices that they have learned and assimilated early on, and serve as a filter for interpreting socially and gender-constituted reality (Connell, 2013). Gender relations are articulated to other spheres of social life such as economic, symbolic, kinship and power relations (Connell, 2013), and three institutions have been identified as important for their current organization: the state, the labor market and the family (Connell, 1993, in Courtenay, 2000).”
The objectives of this article are: i) To explore the interests of scientific production in open access of women belonging to the area of social sciences from the Scopus database during the pandemic; ii) Identify the open access scientific journals that published the research articles carried out by women between 2020 and the year 2021, as well as the countries where they are published; and, iii) Know the type of authorship of the scientific articles published; with the purpose of reflecting on the scientific work of women and their contribution to the social sciences in the world.
To continue, we consider it important to clarify several concepts, for example, science, scientific production, scientific research, scientific communication, and scientific article.
Science is “a common conception of science defines it as a set of knowledge. Certain knowledge is considered scientific if it meets certain requirements. Such knowledge consists of an organized collection of propositions, articulated in theories formed by many logically intertwined propositions. A theory of science would basically be a theory that allows us to identify scientific theories and propositions, and distinguish them from non-scientific theories and propositions” (Maletta, 2015, p. 17).
Following the same author, we find in his argumentation an enriching discussion about scientific propositions, the evolution of science, and the validity of theories.
One might think that scientific propositions are those that are true, that have been verified or proven, while other propositions would be mere opinions or (worse) false. Science evolves, so certain propositions might be considered scientific at one time, but discarded at a later time (or vice versa). In many subjects, moreover, science deals with two or more mutually incompatible theories, without yet being able to determine whether any of them is correct (Maletta, 2015, p. 17).
Following this argument and discussion, Maletta (2015) brings us closer to understanding scientific production as a totalizing process of research and communication of the results of the research effort.
The work of theoretical reflection, as well as the search for and analysis of empirical data, whose results must then be presented in written products, is a task of scientific research (theoretical or empirical, usually both at the same time). The work of writing reports, articles, or books, in which the creation of scientific knowledge obtained through research is presented, is a task of scientific communication or academic communication. The combination of the two constitutes an indivisible process that can be called scientific production (pp. 21-22).
Portela (2007) argues that “research means providing answers to problems of knowledge,” a situation that requires postgraduate educational institutions to be characterized by scientific production: the undertaking of academic and institutional research activities, as well as the implementation of scientific communication processes for this new knowledge. Importantly, it is crucial to remember that research is a way of life.
According to Maletta (2015), an integrated view of the scientific production process that includes both research and the communication of the results of that research is something that surpasses that conventional linear view that isolates the research process from the scientific communication process.
Figure 1Production, research, communication. Source: Maletta (2015, p. 22).
The comprehensive process of scientific knowledge production comprises two major [interrelated] stages: (i) the research process itself, in which the product or result obtained is scientific knowledge, and (ii) the scientific communication process, through which the research findings are communicated or made public for discussion by the community of the discipline or by specialists in certain topics and lines of research (Vega, 2019, p. 15).
Figure 2Integrated view of the scientific production process. Source: Maletta (2015, p. 22).
Scientific communities worldwide recognize the importance of publishing research results, discoveries, and findings across all fields of knowledge. “Our most urgent and direct message is that scientists must learn to communicate with the public; they must be willing to do so and, indeed, regard it as an obligation,” declared the Royal Society (1985, p. 25). To this we can add what Castillo (2001) pointed out: “A scientific experiment is not complete until its results have been published and understood.”
To understand the theoretical and conceptual context, we present a brief review of what scientific communication means:
It is the “study of how researchers in any field use and disseminate information through formal and informal channels” (Borgman, 1989). The main objective of scientific communication is the “recording, evaluation, dissemination, and accumulation of knowledge, facts, and human perceptions” (Russell, 2001). Formal channels for carrying out this process include media such as books and publications, while informal channels are more ephemeral and limited to certain recipients, as in the case of oral communication at conferences, seminars, and courses (Russell, 2001).
“Scientific communication is a two-way process. Just as any kind of signal is useless until it is perceived, a published scientific article (signal) is useless if it is not received and understood by the intended audience. Therefore, it can be said that: A scientific experiment is not complete until its results have been published and understood” (Castillo, 2001).
We conclude this section by quoting Brockman (1995), who stated that “the intellectual’s task includes communication with the public, since one of his functions is to shape the thinking of his contemporaries. Thus, the thinkers of the third culture are the new public intellectuals.”
And highlighting that a scientific article is the main way to communicate the advances and findings of original scientific research.
II. Classification of the social sciences
According to Scopus, the concept of social sciences encompasses 23 disciplines, which are classified as follows:
| Social sciences | |
| Anthropology | Law School |
| Archeology | Library and Information Science |
| Communication | Life and life cycle studies |
| Cultural studies | Linguistics and language |
| Demography | Political science and international relations |
| Development | Public Administration |
| Education | Security research |
| Gender studies | Social sciences (various) |
| General social sciences | Sociology and political science |
| Geography, planning and development | Transport |
| Health (social sciences) | Urban studies |
| Human factors and ergonomics |
Box 1. Classification of social sciences according to Scopus, 2021.
III. Procedures
3.1. Source of information
Scopus was launched in November 2004. Scopus is a citation and abstract database (indexing system). With over 25,100 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers, Scopus offers the most comprehensive overview of the world's research output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities (Elsevier, 2020).
This database indexes publications from major publishers such as: Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackell, Taylor & Francis, Sage, Wolters Kluger, Oxford University Press, Emerald, Inderscience Publishers, Cambridge University Press, Bentham Science, and IEEE, which together represent 40%, among other publishers (60%).
3.2. Selection of documents (articles)
- The expression “Covid-19” was entered into the Scopus exploration panel and a search was conducted within titles, abstracts and keywords, for all types of academic documents published up to February 26, 2021.
- A total of 103,463 academic documents were recovered.
- This first search result was filtered considering 6 criteria: i) that they are open access, ii) published between 2020 and 2021, iii) that belong to the sub-area of social sciences, iv) that are original scientific research articles, v) that are published in open access peer-reviewed journals, and vi) that are written in Spanish.
- A total of 205 scientific articles from the social sciences dealing with the topic of the Covid-19 pandemic were retrieved. (open access).
- A database was constructed and coded using: i) year of publication, ii) name of the scientific journal, iii) country of origin of the journal, iv) subject of study, v) type of authorship, vi) total authors per article, vii) number of male authors per article, and viii) number of female authors per article.
- Inclusion criteria for the sample: all articles whose authorship corresponds only to women were selected, both individually and in co-authorship.
- Finally, the sample consisted of 37 articles, which together represent the scientific production of 62 authors (women, social scientists).
- Proceed with the analysis in accordance with the research objectives.
IV. Preliminary Results
4.1. Interests in scientific production
The following thematic interests were identified and investigated in the context of the pandemic and its effects, as well as in the context of government measures:
| Topics of research interest | |
| Consumer safety | Pre-School |
| Preventive communication | School curriculum |
| Health, education and children's rights | Media consumption habits and habits |
| Dichotomies: health/economy; risk-fear/otherness; individualism/community | Strategic use of YouTube |
| Everyday life experiences | Child welfare |
| Library field | Communication and politics, fake news |
| Social organization of care | Infodemic |
| Educational inequalities | Geopolitics: tourism, national security, borders |
| Gender and feminism | EU strategic security |
| Digital divide | Mobility policy |
| ICT | Communication and behavioral science |
| Communication and education | Man-nature relationship |
| Family | Protection of biodiversity |
| Scientific communication |
Box 2. Interests in scientific production according to research topics addressed by women in social sciences
- The authorship of the 205 articles represents the participation of 498 authors, of which 305 (61%) are men and 193 (39%) are women.
- In 87 articles (42% of the total) the authors are all men: 148 authors.
- In 37 articles (18% of the total) the authors are all women: 62 authors.
- In 81 articles (39% of the total) both men and women participate as authors.
- The authorship of articles by [male] researchers represents 2.3 times more than the authorship of articles by [female] researchers.
- The review of the 205 articles shows that women's research interests do not differ from the topics addressed by male authors. A similar pattern is observed in articles with mixed authorship.
- It is observed that those classic thematic fields such as geopolitics, national security, borders, public safety, which were traditionally and historically addressed by men, are also addressed by women.
- It is observed that the themes of feminism and gender are not a constant or a cross-cutting aspect in the scientific articles written by women researchers. Only one of the 37 articles analyzed addressed the topic, and even then, it did so from a restrained perspective.
- On box 2 The results of the hermeneutic analysis are presented. The concepts listed are the emerging categories that appeared during the analytical process and that grouped the specific themes of the articles. Initially, the analysis and interpretation began without any analytical categories.
On Annex 1 The 37 scientific articles on the pandemic in the social sciences, written by the authors, are listed. The references contain the scientific articles analyzed to identify the social scientists' research interests.
4.2. Scientific journals that published the research articles
Twenty-one open access scientific journals indexed in Scopus were identified, originating from seven Ibero-American countries, which are detailed in the box 3.
| Country | Scientific journal |
| Chile | Chilean Journal of Law and Technology |
| Colombia | Journal of Social Studies |
| Inter-American Journal of Library Science | |
| Costa Rica | Educare Electronic Magazine |
| Spain | Trans |
| International Journal of Education for Social Justice | |
| Electronic Notebooks of Philosophy of Law | |
| Spanish Journal of Sociology | |
| Journal of Internet, Law and Politics | |
| Icon14 | |
| Latin Journal of Social Communication | |
| Publications of the Faculty of Education and Humanities of the Melilla Campus | |
| Information Professional | |
| Geopolitics | |
| Araucaria | |
| Animal Rights | |
| Spanish Journal of Comparative Education | |
| On the W@terfront | |
| Mexico | Educational profiles |
| Peru | PUCP Law |
| Venezuela | Venezuelan Journal of Management |
Box 3. Open access scientific journals indexed in Scopus that published research articles authored by women in social sciences about the pandemic, between 2020 and 2021.
4.3. Type of authorship
- Single author: 22 scientific articles
- Co-authorship: 15 scientific articles
V. In conclusion
- It is important that we continue to reflect on women's scientific work and their contribution to the social sciences in the world, in order to strengthen it.
- Is scientific production in the social sciences also an activity that creates a glass ceiling among our female colleagues?
- Does the fact that only 18% of the sample (37 out of 205 scientific articles) are authored by women diminish the centrality and prominence of women in research, scientific communication, and scientific production at the Ibero-American level?
- Important topics addressed by women in the social sciences are observed, moving beyond their status as objects of research. (what is being investigated), towards a transition to the status of research subjects (those who investigate).
- There are ways of treating the topics that allow for dialogue between the results of research in the field of social sciences and other areas of knowledge, other disciplines and other sciences, as well as their application in reality.
- We must be wary of false contradictions in a society like ours, a society whose mode of production generates historical contradictions, such as class struggle. (False contradictions: between genders, between sexes, between men and women, which are still objects of study in current events, without neglecting research into structural issues).
- There is an urgent need to strengthen a regional system to produce knowledge in the area of social sciences that supports the design of policies and strategies, and decision-making based on empirical evidence in development matters.
- Promote the consolidation and implementation of strategic management in scientific-social research in academic and university institutions.
- Design programs for developing scientific writing skills aimed at students, teachers, and researchers, in order to train new generations.
VI. Outstanding Issues
What is the influence of fashion and electoral politics on the adoption of feminist and gender positions, as well as on the emergence of feminist, environmental, sexuality, pro-abortion, and other movements? How are new forms of citizenship being shaped in these contexts?
Declaration of conflict of interest
The undersigned is a sociologist [male], teacher-researcher who publishes various research papers on social science topics: human security, sustainable development, complex criminal phenomena and scientometric studies.
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Annex 1: Scientific production and research topics of interest of women belonging to the social sciences
- Food safety: An informing principle and adequacy of preventive duties and good practices in remote and in-person consumer service during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
- The translation of health materials on COVID-19 for immigrant populations: An exploratory analysis of proposals in Spain
- Covid-19, Education and Children's Rights in Spain
- The multidimensionality of a pandemic. Society and Law in the post-coronavirus era
- Emotional narratives of higher education students during times of quarantine
- Peruvian public libraries facing the COVID-19 crisis: services, reflections and challenges
- Coronavirus care and crisis: The invisible work that sustains life
- Educational inequalities arising from COVID-19 from a feminist perspective. Analysis of the discourses of education professionals in Madrid.
- The digital divide among Spanish students in the face of the COVID-19 crisis
- Building a P2P accommodation 4.0 in response to COVID-19: Proptech, self-regulation and tokenization
- Communication and education in a digital and connected world
- Regarding COVID-19: Would online family mediation be advisable for Chile?
- Databases and academic journals in the COVID-19 pandemic: Imagining possible futures for scientific communication after the crisis
- Remote teaching does not come without challenges
- Curriculum and pandemic: A time of crisis and an opportunity for disruptive innovation
- Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on media consumption in Spain
- YouTube and coronavirus: Analysis of video consumption about the COVID-19 pandemic
- Managing visitation, exchanges and communication arrangements with children during the COVID-19 pandemic
- Cooperation of health sciences library professionals in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Impact of political discourse on the spread of misinformation about COVID-19. Influence of disinformation on audiences and the media
- Tourist flows, geopolitics and COVID-19: When international tourists are vectors of transmission
- The European Union facing global public health emergencies. The COVID-19 crisis
- Restrictions on the free movement of people in the EU during the COVID-19 era: Towards an uncertain future
- COVID-19: (In)security without (Im)mobility? Bringing Mobility Politics Closer to Critical Security Studies
- Fact-checking in the COVID-19 infodemic: The Newtral case
- Cognitive biases in communication and prevention of COVID-19
- Covid-19 and the human-nature relationship: The balance violated. Reflections on managing the complexity of pandemics: from ecosystem protection to the precautionary principle
- Bees and COVID-19: A necessary legal regulation
- Covid-19 and animals: an opportunity to abolish speciesist slavery?
- E-learning in 15 days. Challenges and innovations in Primary and Secondary Education in the Republic of Croatia during the COVID-19 crisis. How have we introduced distance learning?
- Opening borders in times of COVID-19: Social inclusion and education on the Brazil-Bolivia border
- Split screens
- Institutional and media transparency regarding the coronavirus: An analysis of data portals and digital media in Latin America
- Balconies for applause
- What geopolitical world will emerge after 2020?
- States close their territories for security… but viruses are emancipated from borders
- Violence in Latin America today: Manifestations and impacts
* Sociologist. Master's degree in development and national defense. PhD in development and strategic security. Postgraduate studies in intelligence and multidimensional security at the Center for Advanced National Studies (Peru). Postgraduate studies in strategic management of research, science, and technology in higher education institutions at Cayetano Heredia University. Studies at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Ecuador and Costa Rica. Research professor at various academic centers in the security and defense sector. Director of InvestSoc Peru.
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