Preparation of a comparative study focused on the continuities and new nuances of inequalities in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean
Open call
Information for applicants
The deadline for submitting proposals is October 6, 2024.
Introduction
The partnership between the countries of the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) derives its roots from diverse historical, political, economic, social, and cultural ties, and is based on shared interests, values, and aspirations among their societies, such as building sustainable and inclusive development. Over the years, the two regions have progressively built a relationship that promotes mutual respect and open dialogue. In 1999, the bi-regional strategic partnership was established, providing a consensual and evolving framework for political dialogue and cooperation in specific areas of mutual interest. On this basis, in 2010, by decision of the Heads of State and Government, the European Union – Latin America and the Caribbean International Foundation (EU-LAC Foundation), which has operated in Hamburg, Germany, since 2011 as an instrument to promote this bi-regional partnership. Comprised of the 60 countries of the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, plus the European Union itself, for a total of 61 members, the EU-LAC Foundation became, in May 2019, an international intergovernmental organization, whose mandate focuses primarily on:
- To contribute to the strengthening and visibility of the bi-regional partnership between the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean;
- To stimulate the generation of relevant contributions to the bi-regional agenda;
- To promote mutual understanding between regions;
All of this stems from exchanges, dialogues, and analyses involving government institutions, international organizations, and civil society actors, understood in a broad sense.
El Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) CLACSO is an international non-governmental organization with associate status at UNESCO, established in 1967. Currently, it brings together more than 806 research and postgraduate centers in the field of social sciences and humanities in 56 countries across Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, and other continents. CLACSO also has working partnerships with more than 30 regional and international networks, which has enabled it to develop highly efficient project management and administration capabilities at the regional and international levels, as well as to communicate its results with a high degree of impact and broad social reach.
One of the innovative initiatives promoted by CLACSO are the Platforms for Social Dialogue (PDS) that promote multi-actor exchanges between academic communities, civil society organizations and governments to co-produce knowledge and build capacities that recognize the power of social activism and influence both public policies and the transformation of the realities of the most vulnerable communities and territories.
The purposes of the PDS are:
- To produce evidence-based knowledge at a comparative and regional scale through the synergistic articulation of academic networks, movements, institutions and groups committed to addressing related topics;
- To develop skills to enhance the capabilities of social activism, promote research and the generation of critical and situated knowledge, especially in the areas of public policy and civil society, with a leading role for groups living in situations of poverty and discrimination;
- To promote and deepen exchanges between social movements, academic networks and public policy leaders oriented towards the development of joint action programs;
- Develop communication and advocacy campaigns, designed to mobilize and impact public opinion, with a special emphasis on making visible the situations faced by the most vulnerable groups.
Responding to their institutional missions, and taking into account that one of the priorities of the agenda of the states that make up the bi-regional association between the European Union, Latin America and the Caribbean is to move towards a fairer and more equitable recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic, resume the path of the Sustainable Development Goals and address, in particular, the structural gaps and poverty that affect the most vulnerable sectors in our societies, the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO present the following call to invite researchers from both regions to propose a comparative study focused on the continuities and new nuances of inequalities in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean.
- Trends in inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean and the countries of the European Union
Humanity currently faces existential risks and highly uncertain scenarios; however, neither the global governance architecture nor multilateral financial institutions appear to be up to the task of comprehensively addressing the climate crisis, armed conflicts, displacement, food and energy insecurity, and the adverse effects of new digital technologies. Furthermore, several countries are still recovering from the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has contributed to widening development gaps.
According to the most recent Sustainable Development Report[1] According to a report published by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), none of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are on track to be achieved by 2030, and it is estimated that only 16% of the targets have made sufficient progress. The pace of progress toward the SDGs varies significantly among different groups of countries. The European Commissioner for International Partnerships, Jutta Urpilainen, highlighted in early 2024 that only 10% of countries are on track to achieve SDG 10, which aims to combat inequality, and no countries are on track to achieve SDG 5, which focuses on gender equality.[2] Brazil, which holds the G20 presidency in 2024, has placed the reduction of inequality, in all its dimensions, as a priority on its agenda:According to President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, if we had to summarize the current global challenges in a single word, it would be inequality. Inequality is both the root cause of several of the crises we face and a major factor contributing to their exacerbation."[3].
Inequality is a complex concept; its multiple dimensions have been addressed by various scientific disciplines—from economics, political science, social sciences, and the humanities to environmental science, law, and public health, among others. The approaches, categories, and criteria for measuring and analyzing inequalities are socially constructed by institutions and actors based on research questions and the phenomena they seek to explain, as well as everyday practices and experiences. What remains invisible in indicators such as the Gini coefficient can be revealed, for example, through the Human Development Index, or through ethnographic, geographical, historical, and other studies. Each of these approaches contributes important aspects to the debate and can guide the formulation of public policies and international cooperation programs.
Studies published after the pandemic, both quantitative and qualitative, reveal that some inequality gaps have been exacerbated by this global health crisis, causing setbacks in crucial development areas such as education and gender equality. At the same time, recent research indicates that we are facing new trends and nuances of inequality stemming from various crises, with overlapping and mutually reinforcing dimensions that require particular attention.
In the LAC region, significant efforts have been made in economic recovery after the pandemic, with an increase in employment and household income.[4]However, this trend has not been the same in all countries. Inflation has worsened social conditions, especially for the most disadvantaged groups, and a significant setback of 32% in the goals of the 2030 Agenda is estimated.[5]Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was 0.45 in 2022; 29% of the population still live in poverty and 11.2% in extreme poverty.[6] More generally, in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the average income of the richest 10% is 12 times higher than that of the poorest 10%, compared to an average of 4 times for developed OECD countries. In Colombia, Chile, and Uruguay, the wealthiest 1% controls between 37% and 40% of the wealth, while the poorest half has access to only one-tenth.[7].
On the European side, in 2022 the Gini coefficient exceeded the EU average in 11 Member States, reaching its highest level in Bulgaria (38.4), Lithuania (36.2) and Latvia (34.3), while it was more equal in Slovakia (21.2), Slovenia (23.1), Czechia (24.8) and Belgium (24.9)[8]Furthermore, 95.3 million people (21,6% of the EU population) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Regarding households with dependent children, more than a fifth (22.4%) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, with Romania (36.0%), Bulgaria (30.7%), and Spain (29.2%) registering the highest rates, and Denmark (11.7%), Czechia (11.3%), and Slovenia (8.9%) the lowest. [9]
There is no doubt that informal employment is another constant in inequality studies, where the average rate in Latin America and the Caribbean stood at 48.7% for 2022, with Bolivia and Peru being the most vulnerable countries and Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica having the highest rate of formal employment.[10]The pandemic also intensified the strong association between rurality and informality in Latin American countries.[11]For example, in Mexico, the rate of informality is concentrated in the southern states, being much higher in localities with fewer than 2.500 inhabitants (78%), mostly rural and indigenous. Being an indigenous municipality exponentially increases the likelihood of having limited financial resources—a general trend across Latin America. Similarly, the most recent figures show that one in four inhabitants of Latin American cities lives in vulnerable neighborhoods (24% of the population). Currently, 34% of households in Latin America and the Caribbean rely on bottled water, and 41% of those with access to piped water report insufficient drinking water.[12] Comparatively, according to Eurostat data, in 2022, 17% of people in the EU lived in overcrowded households, with Latvia (41.7%) and Cyprus (2.2%) at the extremes, respectively. Furthermore, in 2022, 9.3% of the EU population could not keep their homes adequately heated, with Greece (18.7%), Cyprus (19.2%), and Bulgaria (22.5%) among the highest percentages.[13].
During the pandemic, female labor force participation regressed by more than a decade, and a greater proportion of women than men returned to tasks linked to traditional gender roles related to caregiving within homes and families; higher levels of informality, food insecurity, and malnutrition were also recorded.[14] Similarly, the profile most affected by poverty in the EU consists of women, young people aged 18 to 24, people with low levels of education and the unemployed.[15] In this regard, current studies are investigating how to improve the targeting of aid and social protection policies, which the pandemic proved ineffective in reaching the most vulnerable. For example, the burden of the care economy falls disproportionately on women.[16]who perform unpaid work and bear a greater direct and indirect tax burden. We can also highlight the growing body of literature on migration and inequality, which incorporates the profile of migrant women as the majority of the professional or informal care workforce. Recent studies have also shown an increase in xenophobia linked to migrant populations.[17]
Some studies continue to highlight the significant impact that ethnicity (or identification with an ethnic group) has on a person's opportunities.[18]For example, socioeconomic inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean indicates that Afro-descendant and Indigenous populations suffer educational, income, and occupational disadvantages. Europe also reflects this dynamic in ethnic groups such as the Roma.[19], as well as studies on migrant populations[20] and refugee[21].
One of the most pressing concerns in the post-pandemic literature is the generation of students whose studies were disrupted by remote learning for two full academic years. This has led to widening gaps in skills acquisition, missed learning opportunities, and an increased risk of dropping out of school.[22]A study[23] A study analyzing the situation in 196 countries estimated a loss of 19.010 billion days of instruction per person and an increase of 10.75 million in the number of children lagging behind in their development. In Latin America and the Caribbean, three out of four 15-year-olds have not demonstrated fundamental math skills, and more than half have not reached reading levels, according to a recent report by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the World Bank.[24].
In terms of education, workers in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have lower literacy and numeracy skills than the average population of OECD member countries. More than a third of the adult population (35.2%) in Latin America has little or no experience with ICTs.[25]In the EU, educational attainment significantly influences the risk of poverty: 34.5% of people with low levels of education are affected, compared to 10.5% with tertiary education. Similarly, 65.2% of the unemployed and 42.9% of the economically inactive (non-retired) are at risk, compared to 19.1% of the retired population and 11.1% of the employed.[26].
On the other hand, according to a report by ECLAC, the LAC region is experiencing a process of accelerated aging, in an environment of limited social protection (many countries with non-contributory pensions), and it is estimated that people aged 60 or over will represent 16.5% in 2030.[27]In Europe, the aging process has been even more pronounced; 21.3% of the population is 65 years of age or older (2023 data).[28]It is estimated that the number of people requiring long-term care services will increase from 30,8 million in 2019 to 38,1 million in 2050. Recent analyses have focused, among other things, on pension system reforms that reduce gender gaps.[29]as well as policies to support the prevention of exclusion from old people and its use as part of the productive fabric[30].
Other analyses focus on how climate change exacerbates inequalities between regions and countries.[31]In the EU, it will particularly affect the Mediterranean, coastal and Eastern regions, according to the European Commission's ninth Cohesion Report[32]The costs can reach more than 1% of GDP each year. The same is happening in Latin America and the Caribbean, where growth has generated an ever-widening economic and spatial gap, due to the concentration of job opportunities and well-being in certain areas, leaving others behind.[33]Meanwhile, small island developing states (SIDS), which include several Caribbean nations, are characterized by particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, given the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and natural disasters, as well as rising sea levels, warming, and acidification. This poses significant challenges, particularly regarding food security and basic infrastructure in these countries.[34]
The literature also emphasizes internal inequalities within countries, highlighting disparities between urban and rural areas, and even within metropolitan areas. For example, studies suggest that major European cities will continue to advance, while rural areas and regions with CO2-dependent industries will be negatively impacted by the green and digital transition.[35] Something similar happens in the LAC region, where living segregated in informal parts of a city limits people's opportunities to get a job.[36]
Health is another dimension that received greater attention after the pandemic and the consequences of climate change.[37] Recent reports show that heat-related mortality has increased, especially among the elderly population, which is the majority in Europe. Likewise, the population exposed to floods, droughts, storms, and wildfires will continue to rise. Regarding air pollution, the persistence of regional disparities is confirmed; for example, the concentration of inhalable fine particulate matter is consistently around one-third higher in the most disadvantaged regions, which are heavily reliant on solid fuels for heating. [38]
Call
Given these and other trends, and considering that there are not many studies that approach the issue of persistent and new inequalities from a comparative perspective, focused on the regions of Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean, the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO are launching this call for proposals, so that (a group of) researchers can develop a study that analyzes these trends and proposes recommendations for public policies and cooperation programs.
To participate in this call for applications,
- Applicants must be individual researchers or form a consortium of researchers. In other words, proposals authored individually or collectively will be accepted.
- Applicants must be affiliated with a scientific/academic/research institution based in one of the member countries of the European Union or one of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
- In the case of research consortia, a bi-regional composition of the consortium will be valued, although this condition in itself does not guarantee a favorable decision.
- Applicants must be able to write the study in English or Spanish.
- Applicants must be nationals of one of the 60 member countries of the EU-LAC Foundation[1];
- Each applicant may participate with a maximum of one proposal.
- Officials, interns, and current consultants of the EU-LAC Foundation or CLACSO are not eligible to participate in this competition.
Rules for exclusion
The following applicants are excluded from participating in this call for applications:
- They are in a situation of bankruptcy, liquidation, judicial intervention or insolvency proceedings, cessation of activity or in any other similar situation resulting from a procedure of the same nature in force in national laws and regulations;
- Have been convicted by a final judgment for a crime that affects their professional honesty;
- They have committed a serious professional offense as evidenced by any means that the beneficiary can justify;
- They are not up to date with the payment of social security contributions or the payment of taxes in accordance with the legal provisions of the country in which they are established, the country of the beneficiary or the country where the contract is to be executed;
- Have been convicted by final judgment for fraud, corruption, participation in a criminal organization or any other illegal activity that causes harm to the financial interests of the Communities;
- They are currently subject to an administrative sanction.
Applicants must prove that they are not in any of the situations mentioned above at the time of sending the signed version of the contract.
Additionally, candidates who, during the contract award procedure,
- They find themselves in a situation of conflict of interest.
- They have made false statements when providing the information required by the contracting authority to participate in the contract or have not provided such information.
[1] See: https://eulacfoundation.org/es/miembros/consejo-directivo
The documentation to be submitted for consideration for this call for applications must be written in English or Spanish and consist of:
- Application Form
- Detailed proposal summary (max. 3 pages)
- Curriculum Vitae (one for each participating researcher)
The documentation must be submitted in PDF or MS Word format.
Proposals will be evaluated anonymously. To ensure the integrity of the anonymous evaluations, authors should not include any indication of authorship (names, email address, university) in the detailed abstract of their proposal. This information should only be provided through the application form and CV, which will be reviewed separately.
Proposals that have been sent outside the deadline, that have arrived incomplete, and in general, those that do not comply with the conditions expressed in these terms of reference will not be accepted in the call.
The deadline for submitting proposals is October 6, 2024 (23:59 - CEST)Each author may submit only one proposal. Proposals received within this timeframe and that meet the requirements will be considered for evaluation according to the rules of this Call for Proposals.
Proposals should be sent to the attention of Dr. Anna Barrera (EU-LAC Foundation) and Dr. Pablo Vommaro (CLACSO) via email [email protected] with the subject: Call for Proposals: Comparative Study of EU-LAC Inequalities.
The evaluation of the proposals will be carried out by a jury made up of the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO.
The members of the jury will evaluate the works considering the following criteria:
- Quality of the proposal (35%)
- Theoretical and conceptual adequacy of the proposal
- Suitability of the planned methodology to the subject of the proposal
- Feasibility of the proposal (can the project be carried out within the proposed timeframe of the call for proposals?)
- Relevance of the proposal (35%)
- Linking the content of the study with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Relevance of the research project for the EU-CELAC bi-regional agenda
- Originality of the proposal
- Transferability of the potential results of the study to political practice
- Applicant qualifications (20%)
- Qualifications of the researcher or the applicant consortium to carry out the proposed project
- Bi-regional composition and gender diversity in applicant teams (10%)
- In the case of an application by a consortium of researchers, its bi-regional composition (European Union – Latin America and the Caribbean) will be considered an advantage.
- In the case of applications from a consortium of researchers, preference will be given to applications that include the participation of people of different genders or sexes (women, men, non-binary people).
The best proposal will be selected, the one with the highest score according to the evaluation committee.
The EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO anticipate a response time of approximately one (1) month to announce their decision after the evaluation process is complete. Please do not contact the EU-LAC Foundation or CLACSO regarding your application during this period.
The results of this call for proposals are expected to be announced on October 31, 2024. on the websites of the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO, as well as on their social media. The selected individual/consortium will also be contacted via email.
After receiving notification of the selection of their proposal, the selected individuals, or the selected consortium, for this call will sign a service contract with the EU-LAC Foundation to prepare the study.
- In the event that an individual researcher is selected in the Call, the EU-LAC Foundation will enter into the contract with the academic institution with which this person is affiliated.
- If a consortium of several researchers is selected in the call for proposals, the contract will be signed with the academic institution of the person coordinating the consortium. The institution of the person coordinating the study will be responsible for organizing the distribution of the respective shares of the total amount among the consortium members; the EU-LAC Foundation will not assume any responsibility in this regard.
A period of four (4) months is planned for the preparation of a first draft of the study in English or Spanish (end of October 2024 – end of February 2025).
At the end of March 2025, the draft study will be submitted for discussion in a virtual forum composed of academic experts, representatives of civil society and decision-makers from the LAC and EU regions.
Then, the authors of the study will have up to four (4) weeks of time (until April 30, 2025) to prepare the final version of the study, paying due attention to the comments received during the virtual forum.
The final work must be submitted to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO in either Spanish or English. The text must be submitted as an MS Word document, using Calibri font, size 11, with 1,5 line spacing and standard margins (2,5 cm top and bottom margins and 3 cm left and right margins). The total word count (including spaces, excluding the bibliography) must not exceed 70.000 words.
If the final work meets the requirements, in accordance with the quality criteria established in the contract, the EU-LAC Foundation will proceed to translate the work into the corresponding working language (Spanish or English), and publish it digitally and physically.
The authors of the study will assign to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO the original publication rights of the final work.
The views and contents of the study will be the responsibility of the authors and will not reflect the views of the EU-LAC Foundation or CLACSO, or any of its members.
The best-evaluated proposal, as determined by the evaluation committee, will be awarded a total amount of €8,000.00 (eight thousand euros), including any taxes or fees payable to the authors of the study.
Payment will be made in three installments: 20% upon signing the service contract with the winners, 30% upon delivery of the draft study, and 50% upon delivery of the final work, following a review process and the transfer of publication rights from the authors to the EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO. Each payment can only be made upon delivery of a valid invoice or a formal "payment request" signed by the service provider, i.e., the author of the study (who leads the consortium, if applicable).
The author or a representative of the research team will be invited to present the study and discuss its implications at a multi-actor Social Dialogue Platform in the context of the CLACSO Conference to be held from June 9 to 12, 2025 in Bogotá, Colombia[1].
[1] See: https://conferenceclacso.org/
The EU-LAC Foundation and CLACSO are committed to keeping all personal data strictly confidential and to respecting the European Union regulations governing the protection of citizens' data (GDPR).
For their part, the authors commit, through a declaration of honor, to guarantee the originality of the text.
The Call for Proposals may be declared void.
The selection decision will be irrevocable and unappealable.
All issues not addressed in these guidelines will be resolved by the convening institutions.
The following documents are required for registration:
[1] This year's (2024) edition of the Sustainable Development Report was written by a group of independent experts from the SDG Transformation Center, an initiative of the SDSN. It was designed with the UN Future Summit in mind, to be held in New York in September 2024, and features an initial chapter endorsed by more than 100 scientists and practitioners from around the world. See: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2024/sustainable-development-report-2024.pdf
[2] https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_24_1202
[3] Brazil (2024). G20 Brazil 2024 Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet – Concept Note, P. 3. https://static.poder360.com.br/2023/12/G20-Brazil-Concept-Note.pdf
[4] OECD (2023). Latin American Economic Outlook 2023: Investing for Sustainable DevelopmentOECD iLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1787/20725183
[5] ECLAC (2024). Latin America and the Caribbean faced with the challenge of accelerating the pace towards compliance with the 2030 Agenda: transitions towards sustainability (LC/SDS.7/3). https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5d78ae51-ddf7-4660-bd04-fced65d36f9b/content
[6] Supra note 4.
[7] IDB (2024). The complexities of inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.iadb.org/es/noticias/las-complejidades-de-la-desigualdad-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe
[8] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – income distribution and income inequality. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_income_distribution_and_income_inequality
[9] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – poverty and social exclusion. Statistics Explained. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion#Key_findings
[10] Supra note 4, p. 73.
[11] Abramo, L. (2021). Policies to address the challenges of old and new forms of informality in Latin America. ECLAC, Social Policies, Series 240. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/47406/1/S2100649_es.pdf
[12] IDB (2022). Water access in Latin America and the Caribbean: Definitions and data. https://doi.org/10.18235/0004493
[13] Eurostat (n.d.). Living conditions in Europe – housing. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_housing&oldid=569706
[14] Tabbush, C. (2021). The pandemic, a crossroads for gender equality, in: New Society 293, p. 93-105; Marinho, ML, Dahuabe, A., Arenas de Mesa, A. (2023). Health and inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: the centrality of health for inclusive and sustainable social development (LC/TS.2023/115). Social Policy Series 244, ECLAC. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b816a7eb-10d7-4f37-8eba-e6cb8feb91cc/content
[15] Supra note 9.
[16] EU-LAC Foundation, UN Women for the Americas and the Caribbean, National Institute for Women of Mexico, Global Care Alliance & ECLAC. Towards comprehensive care policies and systems with people at the center: Dialogues between Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union. https://eulacfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/ES_Informe_Cuidados_Dialogos_EULAC.pdf
[17] Herrera, G., Maia C. (2022): The right to migrate (and why the global order has contributed to creating a climate of xenophobia), in: Battyány, K. and Arata, N. (eds): Let's talk about inequality. CLACSO, Siglo Veintinuno Editores, p. 79-97; Herrera, G. (2021). Migration during a pandemic: new and old forms of inequality, in: Nueva Sociedad 293, p. 106-116. ECLAC (2020). Inequality, care crisis and migration of paid domestic work in Latin America. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46537-desigualdad-crisis-cuidados-migracion-trabajo-domestico-remunerado-america
[18] Telles, E., Bailey, S., Davoudpour, S., & Freeman, N. (2023). Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Latin America. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005238
[19] Rodrigo-Martín, I. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the academic year. Case study: Roma students. Scientific Journal of Strategies, Trends and Innovation in Communication (25) https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.6992
[20] Guerra Torres, JP (2023). Safeguarding the cultural identity of migrants as a key factor in reducing inequalities within the EU: towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of European Studies, (79), p. 163-182. https://doi.org/10.24197/ree.79.2022.163-182
[21] Elizabeth Vigano, N (2023). The intersectionality of gender, race and ethnicity discrimination of women asylum seekers who are victims of gender-based violence in the EU. Special reference to the Italian situation. Deusto Journal of Human Rights, (12), 229-55. https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr.2909
[22] Supra note 4.
[23] Dana C. McCoy, Jorge Cuartas, Jere Behrman, Claudia Cappa, Jody Heymann, Florencia López Bóo, Chunling Lu, Abbie Raikes, Linda Richter, Alan Stein, Günther Fink (2021). Global estimates of the implications of COVID-19-related preprimary school closures for children's instructional access, development, learning, and economic well-being.
[24] IDB (2024). IDB and World Bank: There is no time to lose in addressing the learning crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.iadb.org/es/noticias/bid-y-banco-mundial-no-hay-tiempo-que-perder-para-abordar-la-crisis-de-aprendizaje-en
[25] Supra note 4.
[26] Supra note 9.
[27] ECLAC (2022). ECLAC examines the current landscape of aging in the region, as well as the progress and challenges for the exercise of rights and the inclusion of older persons. https://www.cepal.org/es/noticias/cepal-examina-panorama-actual-envejecimiento-la-region-asi-como-avances-desafios-ejercicio#:~:text=Confirma%20que%20el%20envejecimiento%20poblacional,16%2C5%25%20en%202030
[28] Eurostat (n.d.). Population structure and aging. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Population_structure_and_ageing
[29] Abatemarco, A. Lagomarsino, E., Russolillo, M. (2023). Gender Pension Gap in EU Countries: A Between-Group Inequality Approach. Risks, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11030063
[30] Economic and Social Committee (2023). Present and future of European policy for older people. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/es/agenda/our-events/events/presente-y-futuro-de-la-politica-europea-para-las-personas-mayores
[31] International Youth Organization & Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean & United Nations Development Programme. (2024, April 17). Environment and youth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Challenges Series – Booklet 3. https://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/2226
[32] European Commission (2024, March 27). 9th Cohesion Report shows that Cohesion Policy continues to narrow the gaps in EU regions and Member States [Press release]. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_24_1616
[33] Supra note 4, pp. 131-133.
[34] See, for example https://climatepromise.undp.org/es/news-and-stories/pequenos-estados-insulares-en-desarrollo-cambio-climatico
[35] https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/publications/publication/did/the-future-of-eu-cohesion#detail-content-7966-4
[36] Acevedo, P. & Zanoni Lopez, W. How to address discrimination and inclusion in Latin American cities? IDB Sustainable Cities. https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudades-sostenibles/es/discriminacion-inclusion-ciudades-latinoamericanas/
[37] Mateo Aguado Caso, Nuria del Viso Pavón, Miguel. Ángel Navas Martín, Sergio Tirado Herrero, Claudia Narocki, Álvaro Ramón Sánchez, Cristina Contreras Jiménez, Rodrigo Blanca Quesada (2022). Climate Inequalities: Impacts and Responsibilities of Extreme Weather Events. https://www.fuhem.es/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Dosieres-Ecosociales-Desigualddes-climaticas-Impatos-y-resonsabilidades-de-los-eventos-metereologicos-extremos.pdf
[38] Supra note 33.
